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1. Nouns
Definition: A noun is a word that denotes the name of persons or things.
| fúwùyuán | míngzì | qián |
| 服务员 | 名字 | 钱 |
| receptionist | name | money |
Example Sentence:
Xiànzài yǒu fángjiān ma? (现在有房间吗?) Do you have any rooms available?
2. Pronouns
Definition: A pronoun is a word that can take the place of a noun.
(1) Personal Pronouns:
Definition: A pronoun referring to persons or things is called a personal pronoun.
| nǐ (nín) | nǐmen | wǒ | wǒmen | tā | tāmen | tā | tāmen |
| 你 (您) | 你们 | 我 | 我们 | 他 (她) | 他们(她们) | 它 | 它们 |
| you (formal) | you (plural) | I | we | he (she) | they | it | they |
Example Sentence:
Wǒ néng bāngzhù nǐ ma? (我能帮助你吗?) Can I help you?
(2) Interrogative Pronouns:
Definition: A pronoun that is used for interrogation.
| shéi | nǎ | nǎlǐ (nǎr) | shénme | zěnme | zěnmeyàng | duōshao | jǐ |
| 谁 | 哪 | 哪里 (哪儿) | 什么 | 怎么 | 怎么样 | 多少 | 几 |
| who | where | where | what | how | how about | how much | how many |
(3) Other Pronouns:
| mĕi | yǒude | yǒuxiē | biéren | biéde | gè |
| 每 | 有的 | 有些 | 别人 | 别的 | 各 |
| each, every | some | some, a few | other people | others | each, every |
3. Modal particles
Definition: A modal particle is a particle used at the end of a sentence to express mood.
(1)The modal particle “ma”
"ma" is used at the end of a question sentence.
Example Sentences:
Xiànzài yǒu fángjiān ma? (现在有房间吗?) Do you have any rooms available?
Nǐ hǎo ma? (你好吗?) How are you?
Wǒ hĕn hǎo. (我很好。) I’m fine.
(2)The modal particle "a"
"a" can be used to indicate surprise.
Example Sentence:
A? Shì ma?
啊?是吗?
Oh? Really?
4. Conjunctions
Definition: A conjunction is a word that joins two phrases or sentences.
(1) The conjunction dànshì (但是) but
"dànshì" is used to link two contradictory statements.
Example Sentence:
Tā hĕn léi dànshì hĕn gāoxìng.
他很累但是很高兴。
He is very tired but very happy.
5. Numerals
Definition: Numerals are words that represent numbers.
The basic numerals are as follows:
| 一 (yī) 1 | 二 (èr) 2 | 三 (sān) 3 | 四 (sì) 4 | 五 (wǔ) 5 |
| 六 (liù) 6 | 七 (qī) 7 | 八 (bā) 8 | 九 (jiǔ) 9 | 十 (shí) 10 |
| 百 (bǎi) 100 | 千 (qiān) 1,000 | 万 (wàn) 10,000 | 亿 (yì) 100,000,000 | 零(líng) 0 |
| 两 (liǎng) 2 | | | | |
(1)"一" normally pronounced "yī" in Chinese is pronounced "yāo" when saying numbers.
Examples: 181号 is pronounced yāobāyāo hào.
(2)"二" normally is always pronounced "èr" when saying numbers and never "liǎng" (两), which also means 2.
Examples: 212号 is pronounced èryāoèr hào.
6. Monetary units
| kuài (yuán) | 块(元) | the Chinese currency |
| máo (jiǎo) | 毛(角) | 1/10th of a kuài or yuán |
| fēn | 分 | 1/10th of a máo or jiǎo |
Examples:
| Liǎngbǎi bāshí kuài | 两百八十块 | 280 kuai |
| Qī kuài wǔ máo liù | 七块五毛六 | 7.56 kuai |
| Yīwàn wǔ (qiān) | 一万五(千) | 15,000 |
| Yīwàn líng liǎngbǎi | 一万零二百 | 10,200 |
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